Vertigo ✅ Definition Vertigo is a sensation of spinning or movement when the patient or surroundings are actually still. It is a symptom, not a disease. Causes of Vertigo 1. Peripheral (Ear-related) – most common Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) – due to displaced otoliths in the inner ear Ménière’s disease – excess fluid in inner ear Vestibular neuritis / Labyrinthitis – viral or bacterial infection Ototoxic drugs – e.g., aminoglycosides, furosemide Trauma – head injury, barotrauma 2. Central (Brain-related) Stroke (vertebrobasilar ischemia) Multiple sclerosis Cerebellar tumor or migraine Diagnosis of Vertigo 1. History & Clinical Examination Onset: sudden (BPPV, stroke) vs gradual Duration: seconds (BPPV), hours (Ménière’s), days (neuritis) Associated symptoms: hearing loss, tinnitus, nausea, imbalance, neurological signs 2. Bedside Tests Dix–Hallpike test → confirms BPPV Head thrust test → vestibular neuritis Romberg test / Unterberger test → balance evaluation 3...