Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin, known as hemoglobin S. This condition leads to the distortion of red blood cells into a sickle, or crescent, shape, particularly under low oxygen conditions. Here are some key points about sickle cell anemia: Causes Genetic Mutation: Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the HBB gene on chromosome 11, which encodes the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. Inheritance: It is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. A person must inherit two copies of the sickle cell gene (one from each parent) to have the disease. Symptoms Anemia: Individuals experience chronic anemia due to the rapid breakdown of sickled red blood cells. Pain Crises: Sudden episodes of severe pain, known as sickle cell crises, occur when sickled cells block blood flow in small blood vessels. Swelling: Swelling in the hands and feet (dactylitis) can occur due to blocked blood flow. Infections: Increased ...