Friday, March 13, 2026

Vitamin A Deficiency (Hypovitaminosis A)

 

Vitamin A Deficiency (Hypovitaminosis A)

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Vitamin A deficiency is a common nutritional disorder that mainly affects eyes, skin, and immunity. It is more common in children, malnourished individuals, and people with chronic diseases or malabsorption.


1. Symptoms of Vitamin A Deficiency

Early Symptoms

  • Night blindness (Nyctalopia) – difficulty seeing in dim light

  • Dry eyes (Xerophthalmia)

  • Dry skin and rough skin texture

  • Frequent infections due to reduced immunity

  • Poor wound healing

Eye Signs (Classical)

  • Bitot spots – foamy white patches on conjunctiva

  • Conjunctival dryness

  • Corneal dryness

Severe Symptoms

  • Keratomalacia (softening of cornea)

  • Corneal ulceration

  • Permanent blindness if untreated

Other Systemic Symptoms

  • Growth retardation in children

  • Hair dryness and loss

  • Increased respiratory and gastrointestinal infections


2. Causes / Risk Factors

  • Malnutrition or poor diet

  • Fat malabsorption

    • Chronic pancreatitis

    • Celiac disease

    • Liver disease

  • Chronic diarrhea

  • Post-bariatric surgery

  • Alcoholism

  • Protein-energy malnutrition in children


3. Diagnosis

Diagnosis is usually based on:

  • Clinical signs (night blindness, Bitot spots)

  • Serum Vitamin A level

  • Dietary history

  • Eye examination


4. Treatment of Vitamin A Deficiency

Medical Treatment (WHO Recommendation)

Adults

  • Vitamin A 200,000 IU orally

  • Repeat after 24 hours

  • Third dose after 2 weeks

Children (WHO dosing)

  • 6–11 months: 100,000 IU

  • ≥12 months: 200,000 IU

Severe ocular involvement may require urgent ophthalmologic management.


5. Dietary Sources of Vitamin A

Animal Sources (Retinol)

  • Liver

  • Egg yolk

  • Milk and dairy products

  • Fish liver oil

Plant Sources (Beta-carotene)

  • Carrot

  • Spinach

  • Sweet potato

  • Mango

  • Papaya

  • Pumpkin

  • Green leafy vegetables


6. Prevention

  • Balanced diet rich in green leafy vegetables and fruits

  • Vitamin A supplementation programs for children

  • Early treatment of malnutrition

  • Health education in communities


Clinical Tip:

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